Student Research Day!

Go to: https://www.scientificamerican.com/citizen-science/

choose a project to participate in! Either: Smorball, penguin watch, Small world of Words, Wildwatch Kenya, Caribbean Storms 2017

When you have finished, write your summary:

1st pg: explain the topic, background information

2nd pg: how is the research being done? What is your role? What are the hypotheses/ variables/data involved?

3rd pg: Why is this important? What problem are the scientists trying to explore/solve?

*turn in on paper or email your responses to amahoney@miaminorthwestern.net

Henrietta Lacks Homework Questions: Due Tuesday (ODD) or Wednesday (EVEN)

Answer the following questions on paper OR click this link to submit online —-> https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc6tFTOUBh2xl-QB3oUHnizu6v_F4jYFsmckaRpSmdwB6nurA/viewform?usp=sf_link

1. How has medical science been advanced by the study of Henrietta Lacks’ cells? Give examples.
2. What factors (race, class, gender, “the times”) do you think were responsible for Henrietta’s cells being taken from her without her permission?
3. What factors do you think were responsible for her family being kept in the dark about the many ways in which the study of her cells were contributing to medical science?
4. In your opinion, was it “unethical” for researchers to take (and profit from) Henrietta’s cells without her permission? Why? Why not?
5. Should the Lacks family be given financial compensation in return for use of her cells? How would this financial compensation be determined? Who would pay?
6. What changes in research on human subjects resulted, directly and indirectly, from the Lacks case?

7. What impact did the unfolding of the story of Henrietta’s “immortal cells” have on her husband and children, particularly her daughter, Deborah?

BEE MOVIE questions; DUE IN CLASS 5/18 (ODD) or 5/21 (EVEN)

*Answer the questions IN RED on looseleaf; due at the start of class

Bee Facts: Honeybees (or hive bees) are in the animalia kingdom, the arthropoda phylum, the insecta class, the hymenoptera order and the apoidea family. Beekeepers are sometimes called apiarists. Honeybees and bumblebees (apidae subfamily) are social bees and live in colonies. Solitary bees make their own small family nests. 

The domestic honeybee, Apis mellifera, is a colonial insect living in hives containing 

• one queen — a fertile female

•  a few drones (males)
• thousands of workers (infertile females)
  The workers are responsible for:
• keeping the hive clean
• building the wax combs of the hive
• tending the young and, when they get older (and when their for gene gets turned on — Link),
  foraging for food: nectar and pollen.While bees cannot recognize the color red, they do see ultraviolet colors. Bee communication includes the use chemical pheromones and “dancing”.
• Questions: *ANSWER ON LOOSELEAF
  1. List three differences between real honey bees and how bees were shown in the movie.
  2. Why should bees not be able to fly?
  3. Coevolution is the mutual evolutionary influence between two species (the evolution of two species totally dependent on each other). Each of the species involved exerts selective pressure on the other, so they evolve together. If species evolve together, what do you think would happen if one of the species were to become extinct?
  4. How does the movie show that pollination occurs?
  5. But in the last 50 years the domesticated honeybee population has declined by about 50 percent, scientists say. Explain how this is going to impact everything including you?

Water notes: Due 4/6 (ODD) or 4/9 (EVEN)

A water molecule is: 

1.POLAR (charged) – each molecule has a positive (H⁺) end and a negative (O^–) end

2. Held together by strong COVALENT BONDS
3. Water molecules are attracted together by HYDROGEN BONDS

Properties of Water: 

1) Cohesion: water molecules tend to “stick together” using hydrogen bonds due to their attraction to each other

2)Capillary action – water molecules “climb up” the xylem of a plant by clinging to each other and the walls of the xylem

3)Surface tension – the surface of a body of water exhibits strong cohesion, causing “film” on top

4) Moderation of temperature: water has high specific heat – water is able to absorb a lot of heat, keeps environmental temperature balance

5) Expansion upon freezing

Water molecules spread out when they freeze, which is why ice floats 

6) Universal solvent: Water can dissolve other polar substances since ions are attracted to both the positive and negative sides of  water 

• “Like” dissolves “like” – since water is polar, it can only dissolve polar substances, non-polar solvents can only dissolve non-polar substances

UNIT 6 EXAM on 4/4 and 4/5: study and do the following practice for extra credit!!

Complete on looseleaf; due at the start of class 🙂

PART 2: DNA CENTRAL DOGMA

UNIT 5 REVIEW QUESTIONS, DUE 3/22 (EVEN) OR 4/2 (ODD)

MUST FULLY ANSWER ALL 8 QUESTIONS FOR CREDIT!!!!

Part 1: Pedigrees

Use the pedigree chart to answer the following questions 

1. Is this a recessive or dominant disorder?
2. Is this disorder sex linked or autosomal?  
3. Based on this, what is the genotype of person 5 in the B generation?

Part 2: Punnett Squares

4. A tall pea plant with purple flowers has the genotype TtRr This plant is crossed with another tall pea plant with white flowers, having the genotype Ttrr. What is the probability of getting dwarf plants with white flowers in the F1 progeny? Make sure to show your work using  a punnett square.

5. If a man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B produce an offspring, what are the possible blood types that their child could have?

Blood Types
Blood Type	Combination of Alleles
A	IAIA or IAi
B	IBIB or IBi
AB	IAIB
O	ii

Based on this information, which of the following blood types are possible for their offspring to inherit. Make sure to show your work using  a punnett square.  
PART 3: DNA 6. During the cell cycle, before a cell goes through mitosis, which of the following processes must be completed, and in which phase of the cycle? Explain why.

A. Transcription; during M-phase

B. Replication; during S-phase

C.  Replication; during G1-phase.

D.  Transcription; during G2-phase.

7.  What is the next step in DNA replication after the strands are separated by the enzyme helicase? Explain why.

A. DNA polymerase adds new complementary nucleotides.

B. Enzymes copy two new strands that match the two original strands.

C. Enzymes break down the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

D. DNA polymerase “proofreads” each strand to make sure the sequence is correct.

8. Use the chart and your knowledge of biology to help you answer the following question. Which DNA sequence will produce a mRNA codon that codes for the amino acid valine?

A. T-G-G                         B. G-A-T

C. C-G-A                         D. C-A-A

Notes due 3/20 (EVEN) and 3/21 (ODD)

• Mutations:Changes to DNA
• Mutations caused in somatic cells (body cells), do not effect gametes.

DNA has: Instructions for making proteins, DNA must remain protected in the nucleus. made of phosphates, Deoxyribose Sugar and bases  G, C, A, T. Double Stranded!

RNA: Purpose: Take genetic information to ribosomes to make proteins

• Stands for Ribose Nucleic Acid
• Ribose Sugar
• Single Stranded
• A, C, G and Uracil (U) (A-U and C-G)

DNA Notes, due 3/14 (EVEN) or 3/15 (ODD)

Copy the following in your notebook, extra credit opportunity at the bottom –> 🙂

DNA is a Double helix – two spiraled strands, looks like a twisted ladder.

Nucleotide – one nucleic acid molecule, makes up DNA. There are three parts
1.A sugar  2.A phosphate group  3. A nitrogenous base

Sugar and phosphate groups form the DNA back bone
• There are four nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

• We will remember them as A, T, G, & C.
  • A pairs off with T and G pairs off with C.
• BASE PAIRING: Apples in the Tree • Cars in the Garage
    (Adenine – Thymine) • (Cytosine – Guanine) 
• DNA strands are complementary, because each strand can be used to make the other strand
• We all share the same nucleotides, but different arrangements of them is the reason why living things are diverse

-Law of independent assortment — Mendelian principal stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.

-Law of segregation — Mendelian principal explaining that because each plant has two different alleles, it can produce two different types of gametes. During fertilization, male and female gametes randomly pair to produce four combinations of alleles 

Genotype — combination of genes in an organism

• There are five steps to DNA Replication:
  1. DNA unwinds.
  2. DNA Helicase unzips the DNA (breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases).
  3. Primase lays the primer down.
  4. DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides.
  5. DNA Ligase joins the strands together.

EXTRA CREDIT: Open this link to access the video: https://edpuzzle.com/media/58b1be0b7333b03e36e61638

*The video will pause and ask you questions, write down your answers to turn into me!

PRE-LAB HOMEWORK *Due at start of class Thursday 3/8 (EVEN) or Friday 3/9 (ODD)

ON LOOSELEAF, answer the RESEARCH QUESTION and EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER and complete the 4 punnett squares at the bottom 🙂

Study Vocabulary for Pop Quiz on Monday 3/5 (ODD) and Tuesday 3/6 (EVEN)

HW: Study Genetics Vocabulary words

OPTIONAL: make flashcards for extra credit

1. Allele — alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism
2. Crossing over — exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosome during prophase I of meiosis; results in new allele combinations
3. Diploid — cell with two of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a diploid, or 2n, number of chromosomes
4. Dominant — observed trait of an organism that mask the recessive form of a trait
5. Egg — haploid female sex cell produced by meiosis
6. Fertilization — fusion of male and female gametes
7. Gamete — male and female sex cells, sperm and eggs
8. Genetic recombination — major source of genetic variation among organisms caused by re-assortment or crossing over during meiosis
9. Genetics — branch of biology that studies heredity
10. Genotype — combination of genes in an organism
11. Haploid — cell with one of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a haploid or n, number of chromosomes.
12. Heredity — passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
13. Heterozygous — when there are two different alleles for a trait
14. Homologous chromosome — paired chromosomes with genes fro the same traits arranged in the same order.
15. Homozygous — when there are two identical alleles for a trait
16. Hybrid — offspring formed by parents having different forms of a specific trait.
17. Law of independent assortment — Mendelian principal stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.
18. Law of segregation — Mendelian principal explaining that because each plant has two different alleles, it can produce two different types of gametes. During fertilization, male and female gametes randomly pair to produce four combinations of alleles
19. Meiosis — type of cell division where one body cell produces for gametes, each containing half the number of chromosomes in a parent’s body.
20. Nondisjunction — failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis; results in gametes with too many or too few chromosomes
21. Phenotype — outward appearance of an organism, regardless of its genes.
22. Recessive — trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
23. Sexual reproduction — pattern of reproduction that involves the production of subsequent fusion of haploid cells.
24. Sperm — haploid male sex cells produced by meiosis
25. Trait — characteristic that is inherited; can be either dominant or recessive
26. Zygote — diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg.

Genetics DAY 1 notes and slides

Open the PDF  to see notes and slides from class 2/27 and 2/28: mahoney Mendels laws_ Punnet Squares